Gender Equality Baseline report

ABS

Australian Bureau of Statistics

AHRC

Australian Human Rights Commission

AIHW

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

ASX

Australian Stock Exchange

CALD

Culturally and linguistically diverse

CEO

Chief Executive Officer

Domain

Organising principles or ‘dimensions’ into which the vision of Safe and Strong is organised

Free from Violence

Victoria’s strategy to prevent family violence and all forms of violence against women

HILDA

Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey

Indicator

Defines the direction of change needed to progress towards each outcome

LGBTIQ

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and gender diverse, intersex and/or queer

Measure

Provides an objective and standardised quantification of the size, amount or degree desired

NCAS

National Community Attitudes Survey

Outcome

Represent a desired condition of gender equality that is specific enough to be measured

Safe and Strong

Victoria’s Gender Equality Strategy

SES

Socio-economic status

STEM

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics

VAHI

Victorian Agency for Health Information

VEOHRC

Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission

VPHS

Victorian Population Health Survey

VPS

Victorian Public Service

VPSC

Victorian Public Sector Commissioner

WGEA

Workplace Gender Equality Agency

WoVG

Whole of Victorian Government

Victoria’s Gender Equality Baseline Report 2019 (the Baseline Report) provides a set of measures against which progress towards gender equality outcomes in Victoria will be monitored over time.

The development of the Baseline Report was a founding reform of Victoria’s gender equality strategy, Safe and Strong. The Andrews Government has embarked on an ambitious reform agenda to improve all areas of gender equality. The Baseline Report outlines significant gender equality gaps drawing on available data as of October 2019 and identifies areas for potential government investment across the next three years.

This Baseline Report provides an overview of the current status of gender equality and lays the foundation for measurable action to guide future effort for years to come. The report provides an indication of where Victoria is performing well and outlines priority focus areas for future data collection.

Achieving gender equality for all Victorians is a fundamental human right. It is also important in contributing to healthier and safer communities and strengthening our economy. The Victorian Government recognises that this change will not occur quickly or easily. Rather, we acknowledge the scale and complexity of the task before us and will continue to invest in real actions to deliver improvements to progressively build attitudinal and behavioural change required to achieve gender equality and reduce violence against women.

The Gender Equality Outcomes Framework aligns with the following other Victorian Government outcomes frameworks and strategic plans:

• Victoria’s Family Violence Outcomes Framework
• Ending Family Violence: Victoria’s Plan for Change and Free from Violence Outcomes Framework
• Victorian Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health: Key Priorities 2017-2020
• Victoria’s Health and Wellbeing Plan and Outcomes Framework
• Victoria’s Absolutely Everybody State Disability Plan
• Victoria’s 10 Year Mental Health Plan
• Korin Balit-Djak: Aboriginal Health, Wellbeing and Safety Strategic Plan 2017-22
• Balit Murrup: Aboriginal Social and Emotional Wellbeing Framework 2017-20
• Dhelk Dja: Safe Our Way – Strong Culture, Strong People, Strong Families Aboriginal-led Agreement

1. Victorians live free from gendered norms, stereotypes, and expectations

Victorians do not tolerate attitudes and behaviour that support gender inequality:

• decrease in prevalence of reported workplace and everyday sexism, sexual harassment and gender discrimination*
• increase in positive bystander behaviour towards gender inequality and discrimination based on sex and gender*
• decrease in attitudes that justify, excuse, minimise, hide or shift violence against women*

Victorians model and promote a commitment to gender equality:

• increase in the number of workplaces and organisations that demonstrate a commitment to gender equality*
• increase in support, recognition and value placed on unpaid work
• decrease in representations of restrictive gender norms in the media, advertising and the arts

2. Victorians are empowered, healthy and safe

Health and wellbeing are not limited by gender:

• improved sexual and reproductive health#
• improved mental wellbeing#
• improved physical health#
• increase participation of women and girls in sport and active recreation#
• improved outcomes for women in the criminal justice system

All Victorians are safe and treated with respect in their homes, communities and workplaces:

• increase in people reporting they enjoy safe, healthy and respectful relationships#
• reduction in all forms of family and sexual violence*#
• increase in women feeling safe in public spaces*#
• increase in connection to culture and community#

3. Victorians have equal access to economic and material security

Victorians are rewarded equitably for their contribution in all aspects of society:

• increase gender income equity and security
• increased representation of women in all settings and at all levels of leadership
• increased diversity of women leaders

Participation in education and the economy is not limited by gender:

• reduced gender segregation in occupations and education
• reduced gender gap in workplace participation

Access to safe and secure housing is not limited by gender:

• improved outcomes for homeless women, especially single mothers and older women#
• reduced housing stress for households headed by single women

4. The Victorian Government is a leader on gender equality

Gender equality is embedded in all Victorian Government decisions and actions:

• increased focus on gender equality in Victorian Government procurement and grant giving
• increased focus on gender equality in Victorian Government policy making

Outcomes framework alignment key

* Victoria's Free From Violence Outcomes Framework
# Victorian Public Health and Wellbeing Outcomes Framework

Over 20 data sources were considered to inform the development of the baseline assessment. The data sources relating to gender equality measure knowledge, behaviour and service access as well as progress on economic and social indicators including census and household surveys. The data will set in place a comprehensive set of measures across the outcomes and indicators aligned to the implementation of Safe and Strong. Recognising that the impact of gender inequality is compounded by how gendered barriers interact with other forms of disadvantage and discrimination, disaggregated data was used wherever possible – breaking down information by Aboriginality, age, disability, socio-economic status (SES) and cultural and linguistic diversity (CALD). Where possible, these characteristics have been emphasised in the data, along with additional variables, such as geographic breakdowns

Data for Victoria, other states and territories, and Australia were collected from multiple sources, including:

• AusPlay Survey
• Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)
• Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey
• National Community Attitudes towards Violence Against Women Survey (NCAS)
• VicHealth
• Victorian Crime Statistics Agency (CrimeStats)
• Victorian Department of Education and Training (DET)
• Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission (VEOHRC)
• Victorian Population Health Survey (VPHS)
• Victorian Public Sector Commission (VPSC)
• Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA)

Categories of data included

There are a range of data types which have been included in the Baseline Report. The measurement identification process involved consideration of each outcome and indicator, and the activities and strategies that drive them. The data sources identified in the baseline assessment were then reviewed in line with a series of assessment criteria. Specifically, assessment of each measure involved consideration of:

• the objective of the relevant indicator and specific direction of the desired change
• how the measure (or proxy) aligns with the objective of the indicator
• the current baseline for the measure
• the capacity of the Victorian Government to influence the measure, including mapping the activities in Safe and Strong and broader Victorian Government plans that can influence the measure
• the direction of change that is expected to result from Victorian Government activities, and the likely timeframe for change

Recognising data limitations and the scope of Safe and Strong, the Baseline Report includes two types of proposed measures:

• Proposed – the most appropriate measure for the indicator based on the proposed social policy outcomes of the Victorian Government. In some cases, there is no data available for this measure.
• Proxy – where there is limited population data available for the measure, proxies are identified as an alternate measure of progress. Examples are one-off surveys or Australian-wide data where Victorian-level data is not available. Proxy measures may also include data collected by services. These are useful to track as indicators of change in community experience but are proxies because they are not population level outcomes of change.

Some measures have limited or no data, and a data collection plan will be developed and aligned to other current WoVG initiatives such as the Family Violence Data Collection Framework and the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Free From Violence. The Baseline Report measures will be further refined.

Gender intersects with other factors such as SES, age or ethnicity. The experience of gender inequality can be particularly compounded by the way gender-based discrimination intersects with other forms of diversity such as: disability, cultural diversity, Aboriginality, gender diversity and sexual orientation. Understanding how the intersections between diverse experiences impact safety, economic security, work and leadership is critical for policy making.

Disaggregated data has been used wherever possible within the Baseline Report – breaking down information by Aboriginality, disability, SES and cultural and linguistic diversity. Sample size requirements mean that there are limits to how much data can be disaggregated and still remain robust.

The framework includes six priority areas for disaggregation, namely:

Aboriginal women

Aboriginal women face systemic disadvantages. Compared to non- Aboriginal women, Aboriginal women are 32 times more likely to be hospitalised as a result of family violence¹ and are almost 10 times more likely to die from assault.² Aboriginal women are also at far greater risk of homelessness and incarceration.

Women with disability

It is estimated that in Australia, women with disability are three times more likely to experience sexual violence, and twice as likely to experience partner violence, than women without disability.³ Women with disability are less likely to be in paid employment and are paid less than men with disability and women without disability.⁴

CALD women

Women from CALD backgrounds face additional barriers to education and employment and may have limited information about their rights. CALD women are over- represented in low paid and insecure work.

For example, migrant women are 7% less likely to be employed than those born in Australia. 37.5% of women accessing domestic violence support services are of non-English speaking backgrounds but represent only 17.3% of the total population in Victoria.⁵

Age

The impacts of gender vary over a lifetime. For example, during adolescence, expectations of girls are increasingly shaped by gender norms that impact girls’ social, educational and leisure choices.⁶ Women retire with half the superannuation savings of men, and older women are at greater risk of homelessness than older men.⁷

Women from low SES backgrounds

Women from low SES backgrounds face barriers in accessing essential services and supports which can compound other gendered disadvantages. For example, socio-economic inequality heightens the risk of violence against women.⁸

LGBTIQ

LGBTIQ communities face significant barriers to accessing essential inclusive services and supports in the community and are more likely in all Australian workplaces to experience sexual harassment.⁹ The LGBTIQ community experience discrimination when attempts are made to access essential services, or when attempting to support friends, partners or other individuals who identify as LGBTIQ within the service system.¹⁰ This community experiences family violence, and significant discrimination, which have negative implications for individual and collective mental health, general health and wellbeing.¹¹

Footnotes

1. Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision 2016, Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2016, Productivity Commission, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.
2. Department of Premier and Cabinet 2016, Safe and Strong: A Victorian gender equality strategy, Victorian Government, Melbourne.
3. Krnjacki, L, Emerson, E, Llewellyn G & Kavanagh AM 2016, ‘Prevalence and risk of violence against people with and without disabilities: Findings from an Australian population- based survey’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol 40, no. 1, pp. 16-21.
4. Department of Premier and Cabinet 2016, Safe and Strong: A Victorian gender equality strategy, Victorian Government, Melbourne.
5. El Matrah, J 2011, Muslim Women, Islam and Family Violence: A guide for changing the way we work with Muslim women experiencing family violence, The Australian Muslim Women’s Centre for Human Rights, Northcote, Victoria.
6. ODI 2018, ‘Adolescence and Gender Norms’, Gender & Adolescence: Global evidence, London.
7. Department of Premier and Cabinet 2016, Safe and Strong: A Victorian gender equality strategy, Victorian Government, Melbourne.
8. Department of Premier and Cabinet 2016, Free from Violence: Victoria’s strategy to prevent family violence and all forms of violence against women, Victorian Government, Melbourne.
9. Australian Human Rights Commission, 2015, Face the facts: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex People, https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/education/face-facts-lesbian-gay-bisexual-trans-and-intersex-people
10. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 2007, Stories of discrimination experienced by the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex community, https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/human_rights/lgbti/stories.pdf
11. Victorian State Government, GLHV, Our Watch, 2017, Summary report: Primary prevention of family violence against people from LGBTI communities, https://www.ourwatch.org.au/getmedia/13fded0c-851b-4935-b402-e00fdb9b6e4b/ Summary-report_Preventing-FV-against-people-in-LGBTI communities-(Accessible-PDF).pdf.aspx, p. 5.

Assessing the impact of the gender equality reform on selected community indicators will take time. A progress report on the baseline will be developed in 2022 to track gender equality data from instruments such as the Australian Bureau of Statistics Census of Population and Housing. Following the implementation of the Victorian Gender Equality Bill, workplace data and reporting alignments will enable comprehensive monitoring of the impact of gender equality reforms. There will also be an opportunity to improve data collection in areas where gender equality data is currently lacking.

Because of the complexity of collecting gender equality data, there are inherent limitations in the data associated with the proposed measures. The primary limitation relates to a lack of state-based data in some areas. Victorian data has been used to inform the Baseline Report where possible, but significant gaps have been identified in state- based reporting across all settings. The reliance on Australia-wide data limits the ability for government to effectively monitor improvements to gender equality in Victoria. Improving gender disaggregated reporting at the local and state levels will be a key focus for the next iteration of the Baseline Report. Of note, the Department of Premier and Cabinet is already working with Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety (ANROWS) to collect Victorian specific data about changes in attitudes and behaviours to gender equality and violence against women.

Work to date on the 2019 Baseline Report has demonstrated that significant data development work is required to address the identified limitations and to ensure that outcomes data is valid and reliable. This work will be conducted in tandem with similar initiatives such as the Family Violence Data Collection Framework and the Family Violence Prevention Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. The Department of Premier and Cabinet will work with departments to develop a detailed implementation plan to improve data collection for the next Baseline Report which considers costs and administrative responsibilities for departments and providers. Where possible, further work will take place to strengthen the capacity for the disaggregation of gendered data in recognition of the intersectional dimensions of gender inequality.

Domain 1: Victorians live free from gendered norms, stereotypes and expectations

Domain 1 of Safe and Strong seeks to ensure freedom from gendered norms, stereotypes and gender-based violence. Specifically, Safe and Strong seeks to achieve two primary outcomes under this Domain, namely:

Outcome

Victorians do not tolerate attitudes and behaviours that support gender inequality.

Indicators

• decrease in prevalence of reported workplace and everyday sexism, sexual harassment and gender discrimination
• increase in positive bystander behaviour towards gender inequality and discrimination based on sex and gender
• decrease in attitudes that justify, excuse, minimise, hide or shift blame for gender inequality and violence against women

Outcome

Victorians model and promote a commitment to gender equality.

Indicators

• increase in the number of workplaces and organisations that demonstrate a commitment to gender equality
• increase in support, recognition and value placed on unpaid work
• decrease in representations of restrictive gender norms in the media, advertising and the arts

Gender inequality, gendered roles, power imbalance and some cultural attitudes drive family violence.

Preventing violence requires driving social and cultural change throughout the community. Shifting gendered attitudes and norms will lead to greater safety for Victorians in homes, communities and workplaces, from gender discrimination, sexism, sexual harassment and physical and sexual violence.

Women continue to experience higher rates of sexism, sexual harassment, gender discrimination and gender unequal attitudes

Experiences of sexism, sexual harassment and gender discrimination undermine women’s safety in their homes, communities, workplaces and educational institutions.

More than 20% of Victorian women reported experiencing sexual harassment in the past 12 months, compared with less than 10% of Victorian men.¹² Within the Victorian Public Sector, 10% of women report experiencing sexual harassment, compared to 7% of men. The Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) surveyed university students in 2016 and found that 32% of women and 17% of men had experienced sexual harassment in a university setting.

Attitudes to gender equality and violence against women have improved

Community attitudes can contribute to and exacerbate gender inequality. Increasing awareness and understanding of the impact of gender inequality will contribute to a culture of challenging gender inequalities and family violence.

Surveys that track attitudes towards gender equality point both to improved attitudes and persistent gender gaps. The National Community Attitudes towards Violence against Women Survey (NCAS) employs a composite measure to determine overall changes in attitudes, scored between one and 100. In 2017, the Victorian population’s Attitudes Supportive of Gender Equality (GEAS) mean score increased to 67, up from 64 in 2013.

At the state population level, levels of understanding of what behaviours constitute violence against women in Victoria have also increased, with mean scores improving from 62 in 2013, to 70 in 2017. The Community Attitudes Supportive of Violence Against Women Scale (CASVAWS) mean score decreased from 36 in 2013, to 32 in 2017, signifying that the Victorian population were less likely to condone or justify violence against women.

At the same time, there is still a continued need for community education about gender equality and the impacts of violence against women. For example, the NCAS – Young Australians Attitudes Survey identifies that 22% of young people believe there is no harm in making sexist jokes about women when among their male friends, and young men (30%) are two times more likely than young women to agree with this statement (14%). Further, 31% of young men and 19% of young women agree with the statement, ‘many women tend to exaggerate the problem of male violence’.

Gender equality is improving in Victorian workplaces and organisations but there is still progress to be made

Significant progress is being made in flexible working policies and strategies, where 73.1% of large non-public sector employers now have these arrangements in place.¹³ Increased availability and uptake of flexible working arrangements and inclusive policies by both men and women will allow all Victorians to have opportunities to participate.

The evidence shows that under-valuing unpaid care is related to poorer women’s health and wellbeing, limits workforce participation and is related to low rates of pay in industries such as childcare and community support.¹⁴ Unpaid work is equivalent to 50% of Victoria’s Gross State Product in 2017-18, with 63.2% undertaken by women. On average, Victorian women do 13.1 additional hours per week of unpaid work and care than men, which adds up to 681 additional hours per year.

The majority of primary parental leave is taken by mothers, and women are much more likely to use flexible working arrangements.

Footnotes

12 ABS Personal Safety Survey, 2016.
13 Workplace Gender Equality Agency, 2017-18.
14 Women’s Health Victoria, Spotlight on Women and Unpaid Care, 2018.

Victorians Model and Promote a Commitment to Gender Equality

Decrease in prevalence of reported workplace and everyday sexism, sexual harassment and gender discrimination.

Domain 2: Victorians are empowered, healthy and safe

Domain 2 of Safe and Strong focuses on improving women’s health and wellbeing. Specifically, Safe and Strong seeks to achieve three primary outcomes under this Domain, namely:

Outcome

Health and wellbeing are not limited by gender

Indicators

• improved sexual and reproductive health
• improved mental wellbeing
• improved physical health
• increase participation of women and girls in sport and active recreation
• improved outcomes for women in the criminal justice system

Outcome

All Victorians are safe and treated with respect in their homes, communities and workplaces

Indicators

• increase in people reporting they enjoy safe, healthy and respectful relationships
• reduction in all forms of family and sexual violence
• increase in women feeling safe in public places
• increase in connection to culture and community

Improving women’s health and wellbeing is critical to achieving gender equality. Yet, gender inequalities in workforce participation, unpaid care and work, pay and income security and social participation impact women’s physical and mental health.

Critically, family violence – which is driven by gender inequality – is also the leading cause of preventable death, illness and disability for women aged 15-44 years.

Women experience unequal access to sexual and reproductive health services across Victoria

When sexual and reproductive rights are supported, people have the information they need to make choices, autonomy to make their own decisions and access to services to exercise those choices. Australia-wide, women are more likely than men to have had discussion with their GPs about family planning or safe sexual practices.

Barriers and service gaps remain that affect women’s access to affordable sexual and reproductive services across the state, particularly in rural and regional Victoria.

Women experience a range of gender-specific health issues with wide-ranging impacts. Specific reproductive health issues – such as endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome require early diagnosis, effective treatment and management.

There are data gaps relating to the experiences of women with these conditions. Sexually transmissible infections also impact women’s sexual and reproductive health.

Meaningful improvements will require addressing barriers to social participation, breaking down gender norms, investing in appropriate gender- sensitive health services, and ensuring all women have the knowledge and support available to access appropriate, gender-sensitive health services.

Women continue to experience mental health disorders at much higher rates than men, particularly young women.

The lifetime prevalence of depression/anxiety has been increasing since 2008, but at a higher rate for men than women, with 33.6% of women compared to 21% of men having been diagnosed with anxiety or depression. Overall, 29.2% of women aged 18-24 feel that life is worthwhile, compared to 37.8% of all women. There were also 1,112 females aged 10 to 17 years presenting to hospital for self-harm compared to 327 males.

Social connections contribute to mental health. In 2016, 14.1% of Victorian females and 15.0% of Victorian males reported being involved in a civic or political group in the past 12 months. Participation varies considerably with age where male participation rates peak in the 50 to 54-year age group, while female participation rates are highest among 45 to 49-year-olds.

Women experience health disadvantages and some poorer health and wellbeing outcomes than men

The intersection between gender and other areas of disadvantage means many women experience multiple health disadvantages and have poorer health and wellbeing. For example, smaller proportions of women who do not speak English report excellent or very good health compared to women who do speak English (36.9% compared to 48.2%). There is also a health gap between women who are employed compared to those who are not in the labour force (51.1% compared to 38%). Women are also more likely to live with two or more chronic diseases compared to men (21.3% compared to 15.4%).

Many women and girls participate in sport and active recreation regularly but barriers to participation remain

Sport is part of the culture and identity of Victoria. The frequency of participation in sport and recreation is an important determinant of health. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reports that a lack of physical activity is a key driver of chronic disease.¹⁵ Women and girls face barriers to their participation, such as caring responsibilities, body image and perceptions of safety, along with cultural norms about what activities are appropriate.¹⁶ There are significant differences in participation in structured activities – 20.9% of women did so in the year to 2018 compared with 33.8% of men.

Victorian women are still unsafe in their homes and communities

In the year ending June 2019, 75% of the victims who reported family violence to police were women. In addition, one-quarter (24.6%) of women have experienced physical assault and 16.9% have experienced sexual assault perpetrated by men since the age of 15.¹⁷ We also know that in a 12-month period, 5.3% of Victorian women experienced emotional abuse, 3.3% experienced physical violence and 2.2% experienced sexual violence. Only one third of women (32.5%) compared to two thirds of men (62.5%) feel safe walking alone after dark in the last 12 months. These statistics tell us that women are feeling a lack of safety in both the public and private realms and that they are facing physical, sexual and emotional abuse.

Footnotes

15 OECD, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, Health Division.
16 Women’s Health Victoria, Women and Physical Activity. Gender Impact Assessment, 2010.
17 Rates of physical and sexual assault perpetrated by women are much lower (1% of women report experiencing sexual assault by a woman, and 7% report experiencing physical assault by a woman). ABS Personal Safety Survey, 2016.

Domain 3: Victorians have equal access to economic and material security

Domain 3 focuses on ensuring gender equality in education, work and ultimately economic security. Specifically, Safe and Strong seeks to achieve three primary outcomes under this Domain, namely:

Outcome

Victorians are rewarded equitably for their contribution in all aspects of society

Indicators

• increased gender income equity and security
• increased representation of women in all settings and at all levels of leadership
• increased diversity of women leaders

Outcome

Participation in education and the economy is not limited by gender

Indicators

• reduced gender segregation in occupations and education
• reduced gender gap in workforce participation

Outcome

Access to safe and secure housing is not limited by gender

Indicators

• improved outcomes for homeless women, especially single mothers and older women
• reduced housing stress for households headed by single women

Participation in learning, education, the economy and society is a key determinant of an individual's ability to influence their communities and shape their own lives. Entrenched gender segregation across industries, occupations and leadership impact equality of opportunity and contribute to the gap in gender pay observed across the economy.

Addressing the underlying causes of gender segregation, such as industry factors; cultural issues; education pathways; and flexible work is important in ensuring that participation in learning, education, the economy and society is not limited by gender.

Gender inequalities in income impacts on women’s lifetime economic security

Victorian women are more likely than men to be living on very low incomes, with 14.4% of women compared to 9.7% of men earning less than $299 per week in 2016. There is also a considerable gender gap (10 percentage points) in labour force participation as of August 2019.

These factors contribute to the overall gender pay gap, which for Victorian non-public sector agencies employing more than 100 employees was 9.3% in 2018. The issue is also replicated in the Victorian public sector, where women were more heavily concentrated in the bottom pay quintile (29% compared to 17% of men).

Older women are likely to have long-standing financial challenges with a 40% gap in superannuation savings between men and women. Moreover, 23% of Australian women retire with no superannuation compared to 13% of men.

Women are less likely to be represented in decision- making roles

In the local government sector, women comprise 38% of Councillors and Mayors, and 18% of local Council CEOs. Women are also less likely than men to stand for the Victorian Parliament and to be represented on ASX boards, charity and affordable housing boards. While women are now equally represented in new appointments to Victorian courts and tribunals, as well as to paid government boards, there are still gaps in the higher courts and also in appointments to several boards in traditionally male-dominated industries. Within the public service, the proportion of women declines in the higher levels of the executive, from 55% of EO3s to 34% on EO1s. Further work is also required to identify increases in diversity of women leaders to ensure decisions are being made that reflect the experience of women from all backgrounds.

Industrial segregation exists with significant underrepresentation of women in some vocational courses which impacts on their choice of profession

Young men in VCE are more likely to study subjects such as engineering and physics while young women are more likely to study dance and sociology. These subject choices influence the tertiary courses they pursue, with women representing only 8.8% of engineering courses, and 25.7% of information technology. The Australian economy would gain $8 billion if women transitioned from tertiary education into the workforce at the same rate as men. Closing Australia’s gender employment gap would boost gross domestic product (GDP) by around 11%, and by 20% if the productivity gap were addressed.¹⁸ This means addressing the vertical segregation where women are less likely to progress in their careers than men and horizontal gender segregation which can be seen in different industries, occupations and areas of education. For example, women make up just 12% of those employed in construction and 23.3% the workforce of transport, postal and warehousing workforce. On the other hand, women are 79.2% of health care and social assistance workers and 70% of education and training.

Addressing women’s material security will reduce their long-term housing stress and risks of homelessness

There has been a sharp rise in homelessness amongst women aged over 55, with an increase of 40% between 2011 to 2016. In addition, there are nearly double the number of women accessing Victoria’s Specialist Homelessness Services (SHS) compared to men (74,839 women compared to 42,033 men in 2017-18). In addition, women make up 66.6% of unassisted requests for SHS, compared to men who make up 33.4%.

Footnote

18 Towards 2025: An Australian Government Strategy to Boost Women’s Workforce Participation.

Domain 4: The Victorian Government is a leader on gender equality

Domain 4 focuses on ensuring the Victorian Government is a leader in gender equality. Specifically, Safe and Strong seeks to achieve one primary outcome under this Domain, namely:

Outcome

Gender equality is embedded in all Victorian Government decisions and actions

Indicators

• Increased focus on gender equality in Victorian Government procurement processes
• Increased focus on gender equality in Victorian Government budgeting
• Increased focus on gender equality in Victorian Government policy making

Attitudes towards empowerment and gender equality are an important driver of the cultural change required to achieve gender equality. The Victorian Government can continue to play a significant role, modelling and driving this change.

The Victorian government will continue to monitor the impact of its gender equality reforms on its procurement, budgeting and policy-making

The Victorian Government has embarked on a long- term reform program to increase gender equality, including the introduction of the Gender Equality Bill in parliament in late 2019. The Victorian Government is taking a lead on introducing a gender lens on all its work and in monitoring the progress of initiatives including introducing a gender impact analysis on its policy making and program delivery. Further baseline data and measures will be developed in alignment with the implementation of the Bill for the Victorian Government.